Various packages within Volt Active Data have been updated to eliminate known security vulnerabilities, including:

The following outstanding CVE in Kinesis streams will be addressed as soon as a fix becomes available:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following CVE was resolved:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

This release includes the necessary changes to prepare the software to support in-service upgrades from V13.3 LTS to the next major version of Volt Active Data, V14.0.

The following CVEs were resolved:

The following outstanding CVE in the Universal Base Image (UBI) will be addressed as soon as a fix becomes available from Red Hat:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

We are happy to announce the Long-Term Support (LTS) release for version 13. This means this version of the software has reached maturity and will be maintained for the LTS life span. Updates will be released to fix critical security vulnerabilities, correct bugs, and further ensure the stability of the software, but no new features will be added until the next major release, V14.0.0.

This release extends the IPv6 and dual stack network support by allowing the selection of the IP protocol to use for XDCR clusters in Kubernetes. The cluster.serviceSpec.dr.ipFamilies and cluster.serviceSpec.perpod.dr.ipFamilies properties provide flexibility when configuring a dual stack IPv4/IP6 network. See the new section on Configuring Network Protocols in the Volt Kubernetes Administrator's Guide for details.

As part of the in-service upgrade (ISU) process, the nodes drop out of the cluster and rejoin it one at a time to upgrade the software. During this step there was a momentary but noticeable spike in the latency of in-flight transactions as the remaining nodes synchronize their workloads. This latency has been dramatically reduced, improving the overall performance and reducing the impact on customer applications during the upgrade process.

There is an undocumented VOLTDB_OPTS option, DR_RECV_TIMEOUT, that changes the timeout period for a cluster's connection requests to another XDCR cluster. This setting is now deprecated and replaced by two official configuration controls, connectiontimeout and receivetimeout, in the configuration file. They set a timeout in milliseconds for the initial connection request and ongoing communication, respectively, and are attributes of the <connection> element. For example:

<dr id="1" role="xdcr">
   <connection source="parisdb.myorg.com" 
        connectiontimeout="15000" 
        receivetimeout="300000" />
</dr>

Note that the use of DR_RECV_TIMEOUT is now deprecated and will be ignored in a future release. However, until then, the VOLTDB_OPTS setting will take precedence so as not to alter existing behavior.

The chapter on Active(N) Database Replication in the Using VoltDB manual has been rewritten, including a new section on tuning XDCR to meet the needs of the application's workload requirements.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following CVE was resolved:

The following outstanding CVE's in the Universal Base Image (UBI) will be addressed as soon as fixes become available from Red Hat:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following limitation in a previous version has been resolved:

This release of Volt Active Data uses a new version of the Volt Operator for Kubernetes, version 3.0.0. The newest operator improves the management of Volt database applications in two ways. It allows the user to select the chart, operator, and Docker image by specifying just the software version of VoltDB. It also uses a single operator and chart for managing all current versions of VoltDB, rather than separate operator releases for each software release. These changes have two major benefits:

The one slight change resulting from the transition to Operator V3.0 is that there is no longer a default version of VoltDB. In other words, you must explicitly identify the version of VoltDB you want to use when you start the database or upgrade the VoltDB version. For example:

$ helm install mydb voltdb/voltdb --set global.voltdbVersion=13.2.0

This applies to both the helm install and helm upgrade commands.

Volt Active Data now supports autoscaling in Kubernetes. That is, the ability for the Volt Operator to automatically expand or contract the cluster based on specific metrics. For example, if the workload increase to a certain size, measured in transactions per second, the operator will add more nodes to the cluster to handle the additional work. On the other hand, if the workload decreases below a certain TPS value, the operator will shrink the cluster to avoid over provisioning. See the chapter on starting and stopping the cluster in the Kubernetes Administrator's Guide for more information on autoscaling.

A separate service supporting the Volt Management Center (VMC) and HTTP JSON programming interface is now available for bare metal installations. The VMC service has been available on Kubernetes since VoltDB V13.0; it is now also available as a separate downloadable kit for bare metal systems. The separate service is recommended for several reasons:

So the Volt VMC Service guide for details on installing and running VMC and the JSON HTTP API as a separate service.

With the availability of VMC and the JSON API as a separate service, the use of these features embedded in the server software is being deprecated. The separate VMC service is already used by default on Kubernetes. Currently, the embedded VMC and HTTP server are still available and enabled by default for clusters running on bare metal. However, in a future release, this default will be changed so that the embedded service does not start by default and, eventually, it will be removed entirely from the server software.

With this release, the base image for running Volt under Kubernetes has been upgraded from Alpine to the Red Hat Universal Base Image (UBI). UBI provides Volt Active Data with an established and supported base image on which to build. This change also corrects issues encountered when running Volt under recent releases of OpenShift.

There is a new SQL function, SIGN(), that takes a numeric value as its argument and returns 1, -1, 0, or null, depending on whether the argument is positive, negative, zero, or null respectively.

Previously, the user account UID used for the Kubernetes security context was fixed as user 1001 and could not be changed. The default is still 1001, but you can now select your own user and/or group UID when initially configuring a Volt Active Data database in Kubernetes. Note, however, you cannot change those IDs once the database has been created.

Where before you had to specify the TS/SSL credentials using a properties file when connecting from a client, you can now use a PEM (or Privacy Enhanced Mail) file. PEM files are text rather than binary and therefore easier to manage. You can use them when connecting from a Java or Python client application or using the Volt command line utilities. For example, when starting sqlmd you can specify a PEM file with the --ssl qualifier:

$ sqlcmd --ssl=mysslcreds.pem

Volt Active Data now supports Java 21 for running the VoltDB servers and clients.

The new operator V3.0.0 adds support for Kubernetes 1.28.

Several new metrics are available that help analyze the time spent queuing, sending and returning transactions that must be passed between the nodes of the cluster. The new metrics are the result of sampling transactions in flight and include:

Several columns have been added to the MEMORY selector of the @Statistics system procedure that measure the use of Java new input/output (NIO) memory and the undo log. These columns include UNDO_LOG_SIZE, NIO_TOTAL_BUFFER_COUNT, NIO_TOTAL_SIZE, and NIO_USED. See the description of the @Statistics system procedure in the Using VoltDB guide for details.

The Helm property metrics.retain and its XML configuration file equivalent, the retain attribute of the <metrics> element, have been deprecated. For the time being, these settings are still allowed in the configuration but are ignored. However, in a future release the property name and XML attribute may be dropped from the allowable syntax and become invalid.

The original active/passive database replication product feature has been deprecated. The user interface artifacts associated with this feature (such the roles of "master" and "replica" in DR configuration and the @Promote system procedure ) will be removed in a future major release. Note that active/passive replication is still possible using Active(N), where it can also be combined with other DR usage models such as active/active. It is only the older, limited feature set and user interface that are being deprecated.

The following high and critical CVEs were resolved:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

This release provides significant improvements to the in-service upgrade process, eliminating most interruptions and errors returned by in-flight transactions due to servers stopping and restarting. In the initial release of in-service upgrade, stopping the individual nodes could result in transactions returning an error if the queue stopped before the transaction completed. This issue was exacerbated in Kubernetes environments by the Operator prematurely stopping the pod before the server process completed its shutdown procedure. Both of these situations have been significantly improved through better coordination of the server, the client, and the operator.

Please note, that these improvements depend on changes to all three components and are only available if you upgrade all three. That is, using the latest Volt Operator, Volt server software, and linking your client applications against the latest Java client library (2.3.2 or later of the operator and V13.1.2 or later of the server software and client library).

All known high and critical CVEs were resolved as of the date of this release, including:

The following limitation in previous versions has been resolved:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

Volt Active Data now supports the Arm CPU architecture — and specifically Aarch64 — as a hardware platform for production use of VoltDB. Talk to your Volt Active Data sales representative for more information.

Volt Active Data now supports in-service upgrades: the ability to upgrade the VoltDB server software for a single cluster without requiring any downtime (uninterrupted upgrades using multiple Active(N) clusters have been available for some time now). In-service upgrade is a new, licensable feature where you remove, upgrade, and rejoin individual nodes from the cluster one at a time. On Kubernetes, the Volt Operator automates this process through a new property, cluster.clusterSpec.enableInServiceUpgrade. See the sections on in-service upgrades in the Volt Administrator's Guide and Volt Kubernetes Administrator's Guide for more information.

It is now possible to both elastically grow and shrink clusters in the Kubernetes environment. Reducing the cluster size is just a matter of setting the replica count to the appropriate value. (You can only reduce the cluster by K+1 nodes at a time.) Once initialized, the Volt Operator automates the process and provides periodic status information through Kubernetes events and object properties. See the sections on elastically resizing the cluster in the Volt Kubernetes Administrator's Guide for more information.

Volt now provides maintenance and management tools optimized for Kubernetes as a separately installable pod. The diagnostics pod provides access to sqlcmd as well as the collect command for gathering logs and other diagnostics data from the cluster. See the appendix on diagnostics tools in the Volt Kubernetes Administrator's Guide for more information.

There is a new SQL function, FORMAT(), that formats a text string, using the standard replacement placeholders found in functions such as printf to insert values from table columns and other SQL expressions.

VoltDB uses a new license file format with a more flexible structure to allow for new features in the future. With the introduction of the new file format, this release of Volt Active Data no longer accepts older, outdated license formats. This means that before upgrading existing databases, please make sure you are using a recent license issued in the past two years.

To verify that you have a recent license, connect to your database server and issue the command voltadmin inspect. If the command reports a permit version of 3 or 4, you are all set. If the command reports a permit version of 2 or less, or returns an error that no such command exists, you will need to replace your license before upgrading. Talk to your Volt Active Data customer support representative to receive a replacement license.

In addition to a new license format, several minor changes related to license management have been made:

Use of the Java 8 runtime to run the VoltDB server software is now deprecated. The recommended Java versions are Java 11 and 17. Note that Java 8 is still supported for running applications using the VoltDB client API.

Although deprecated, use of Java 8 to run the VoltDB server continues to work at this time. However, support for such usage will be removed in a future release.

The original passive database replication (DR) functionality involving one master and one replica cluster, is now deprecated. The ability to set up passive replication using Active(N) — also known as XDCR — easily and more flexibly (with multiple masters, any mix of active masters and passive replicas) makes a separate and less functional alternative impractical. By focusing on a single, integrated set of capabilities for both active and passive DR, the product can move forward with new capabilities more rapidly.

The separate passive DR implementation continues to function in V13. However, it will be removed from the product in some future major release.

To match the currently supported versions of Helm, Volt Active Data now requires Helm 3.11 or later when running in Kubernetes.

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

All known high and critical CVEs were resolved as of the date of this release, including:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

We are happy to announce that VoltDB 13.0.2 is available in both the traditional x86 kit and in a new ARM64 architecture build. The ARM build is a beta release for testing only, it is not intended for production use.

The only known limitation to the beta release is that the separate Volt Management Center (VMC) pod for Kubernetes does not work yet. The workaround is to set the vmc.enabled flag to false when starting the cluster:

$ helm install mydb voltdb/voltdb   \
   --values myconfig.yaml           \
   --set vmc.enabled=false

Please report any further issues and feedback to betasupport@voltactivedata.com. Thank you.

For Kubernetes users, there is a new tool, the diagnostics pod, that automates the collection of logs and other diagnostic information that is needed when debugging issues you report to the Volt support team. The diagnostics pod is a standalone product that is installed separately, so can be added to existing VoltDB installations without affecting ongoing operations. The diagnostics pod is available from the same repository as the Volt Active Data server software and can be installed using Helm:

$ helm install volttools voltdb/volt-diagnostics

Instructions are available in the readme included in the kit:

$ helm show readme voltdb/volt-diagnostics

All known high and critical CVEs were resolved as of the date of this release, including:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

Volt V13 announces the general production release of a new metrics system, where every server in the cluster reports its own data through a Prometheus-compliant endpoint. You enable Prometheus metrics in the configuration file when initializing the database by adding the <metrics> element to the Volt configuration file:

<deployment>
 <cluster kfactor="1"/>
 <metrics enabled="true"/>
</deployment>

Once enabled, each Volt server reports server-specific information through the metrics port, which defaults to 11781. The new metrics system replaces the standalone Prometheus agent, which has now been deprecated. See the sections on integrating with Prometheus in the Volt Administrator's Guide and Volt Kubernetes Administrator's Guide.

To match the new metrics system, Volt provides sample Grafana dashboards to help visualize your database's performance and status. The dashboards are available from github:

Volt provides full support for international characters through its use of UTF-8 for storing and displaying textual data. However, there are other character encodings that may be in use by customers, including both older, established encodings such as Shift_JIS and newer encodings like the Chinese GB18030-2022 standard. For customers using alternate character encodings as the default in their client environment, Volt now provides automatic conversion of character encodings both interactively and for file input. The sqlcmd utility automatically converts to and from the terminal session's localized character set for input and display. When reading and writing files, you can use the --charset qualifier to specify the character encoding of the file, both with the sqlcmd and csvloader utilities.

In addition to full character set support, the sqlcmd utility has a more complete and consistent set of command line qualifiers. The new --output-file qualifier captures the output of SQL statements; it does not echo the commands or informational messages. When used with the --output-format=csv qualifier, --output-file now generates valid CSV files without extraneous lines. Similarly, the --file qualifier lets you process a file containing any valid sqlcmd statements or directives. And if the file contains only data definition language (DDL) statements, you can use the --batch qualifier to process all of the statement as a single batch significantly reducing the time required to update the schema. See the sqlcmd reference page for these and other improvements to the sqlcmd utility.

Beta software kits for running the VoltDB server software natively on ARM64 architecture are now available. If you are interested in participating in the ARM64 beta program, please contact your Volt Customer Success Manager.

Volt Active Data now supports version 1.27 of the Kubernetes platform. See the Kubernetes Compatibility Chart for details on what versions of Kubernetes are supported by each version of VoltDB.

All known high and critical CVEs were resolved as of the date of this release, including:

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

VoltDB reserves the subfolder "segments" under the command log directory for storing the actual command log files. Do not add, remove, or modify any files in this directory. In particular, do not set the command log snapshot directory to a subfolder "segments" of the command log directory, or else the server will hang on startup.

Because DR data is buffered on the master database and then delivered asynchronously to the replica, there is always the danger that data does not reach the replica if a master node stops. This situation is mitigated in a K-safe environment by all copies of a partition buffering on the master cluster. Then if a sending node goes down, another node on the master database can take over sending logs to the replica. However, if multiple nodes go down and rejoin in rapid succession, it is possible that some buffered DR data — from transactions when one or more nodes were down — could be lost when another node with the last copy of that buffer also goes down.

If this occurs and the replica recognizes that some binary logs are missing, DR stops and must be restarted.

To avoid this situation, especially when cycling through nodes for maintenance purposes, the key is to ensure that all buffered DR data is transmitted before stopping the next node in the cycle. You can do this using the @Statistics system procedure to make sure the last ACKed timestamp (using @Statistitcs DR on the master cluster) is later than the timestamp when the previous node completed its rejoin operation.

Bulk operations, such as large deletes, inserts, or updates are possible within a single stored procedure. However, if the binary logs generated for DR are larger than 45MB, the operation will fail. To avoid this situation, it is best to break up large bulk operations into multiple, smaller transactions. A general rule of thumb is to multiply the size of the table schema by the number of affected rows. For deletes and inserts, this value should be under 45MB to avoid exceeding the DR binary log size limit. For updates, this number should be under 22.5MB (because the binary log contains both the starting and ending row values for updates).

There are a number of VoltDB features that help manage the database by constraining memory size and resource utilization. These features are extremely useful in avoiding crashes as a result of unexpected or unconstrained growth. However, these features could interfere with the normal operation of DR when passing data from one cluster to another, especially if the two clusters are different sizes. Therefore, as a general rule of thumb, DR overrides these features in favor of maintaining synchronization between the two clusters.

Specifically, DR ignores any resource monitor limits defined in the deployment file when applying binary logs on the consumer cluster. This means, for example, if the replica database in passive DR has less memory or fewer unique partitions than the master, it is possible that applying binary logs of transactions that succeeded on the master could cause the replica to run out of memory. Note that these resource monitor limits are applied on any original transactions local to the cluster (for example, transactions on the master database in passive DR).

Database Replication (DR) now supports replication across clusters of different sizes. However, if the replica cluster is smaller than the master cluster, it may require a significantly larger Java heap setting. Specifically, if the replica has fewer unique partitions than the master, each partition on the replica must manage the incoming binary logs from more partitions on the master, which places additional pressure on the Java heap.

A simple rule of thumb is that the worst case scenario could require an additional P * R * 20MB space in the Java heap , where P is the number of sites per host on the replica server and R is the ratio of unique partitions on the master to partitions on the replica. For example, if the master cluster is 5 nodes with 10 sites per host and a K factor of 1 (i.e. 25 unique partitions) and the replica cluster is 3 nodes with 8 sites per host and a K factor of 1 (12 unique partitions), the Java heap on the replica cluster may require approximately 320MB of additional space in the heap:

An alternative is to reduce the size of the DR buffers on the master cluster by setting the DR_MEM_LIMIT Java property. For example, you can reduce the DR buffer size from the default 10MB to 5MB using the VOLTDB_OPTS environment variable before starting the master cluster.

Changing the DR buffer limit on the master from 10MB to 5MB proportionally reduces the additional heap size needed. So in the previous example, the additional heap on the replica is reduced from 320MB to 160MB.

The voltadmin status --dr command provides real-time status on the state of database replication (DR). Normally, this includes the status of the current cluster as well as other clusters in the DR environment. (For example, both the master and replica in passive DR or all clusters in XDCR.) However, if the clusters are configured to use different port numbers for the client port, VoltDB cannot reach the other clusters and the command hangs until it times out waiting for a response from the other clusters.

Part of the replication process for XDCR is to verify that the record's starting and ending states match on both clusters, otherwise known as conflict resolution. To do that, XDCR must find the record first. Finding uniquely indexed records is efficient; finding non-unique records is not and can impact overall database performance.

To make you aware of possible performance impact, VoltDB issues a warning if you declare a table as a DR table and it does not have a unique index.

You cannot start XDCR if both databases already have data in the DR tables. Only one of the two participating databases can have preexisting data when DR starts for the first time.

When starting XDCR for the first time, where one database already contains data, a snapshot of that data is sent to the other database. While receiving and processing that snapshot, the receiving database is paused. That is, it is in read-only mode. Once the snapshot is completed and the two database are synchronized, the receiving database is automatically unpaused, resuming normal read/write operations.

Normally, XDCR will automatically restart where it left off after one of the clusters stops and recovers from its command logs (using the voltdb recover command). However, if the workload is predominantly multi-partition write transactions, a failed cluster may not be able to restart XDCR after it recovers. In this case, XDCR must be restarted from scratch, using the content from one of the clusters as the source for synchronizing and recreating the other cluster (using the voltdb create --force command) without any content in the DR tables.

TRUNCATE TABLE is optimized to delete all data from a table rather than deleting tuples row by row. This means that the binary log does not identify which rows are deleted. As a consequence, a TRUNCATE TABLE statement and a simultaneous write operation to the same table can produce a conflict that the XDCR clusters cannot detect or report in the conflict log.

Therefore, do not use TRUNCATE TABLE with XDCR. Instead, explicitly delete all rows with a DELETE statement and a filter. For example, DELETE * FROM table WHERE column=column ensures all deleted rows are identified in the binary log and any conflicts are accurately reported. Note that DELETE FROM table without a WHERE clause is not sufficient, since its execution plan is optimized to equate to TRUNCATE TABLE.

VoltDB provides a way to generate a deterministically unique ID within a stored procedure using the getUniqueId method. This method guarantees uniqueness within the current cluster. However, the method could generate the same ID on two distinct database clusters. Consequently, when using XDCR, you should combine the return values of VoltProcedure.getUniqueId with VoltProcedure.getClusterId, which returns the current cluster's unique DR ID, to generate IDs that are unique across all clusters in your environment.

In an XDCR environment involving three or more clusters, command logging is used to ensure the durability of the XDCR "conversations" between clusters. If not, when a cluster stops, the remaining clusters can be at different stages of their conversation with the downed cluster, resulting in divergence.

For example, assume there are three clusters (A, B, and C) and cluster B is processing binary logs faster than cluster C. If cluster A stops, cluster B will have more binary logs from A than C has. You can think of B being "ahead" of C. With command logging enabled, when cluster A restarts, it will continue its XDCR conversations and cluster C will catch up with the missing binary logs. However, without command logging, when A stops, it must restart from scratch. There is no mechanism for resolving the difference in binary logs processed by clusters B and C before the failure.

This is why command logging is required to ensure the durability of XDCR conversations in a multi-cluster (that is , three or more) XDCR environment. The alternative, if not using command logging, is to restart all but one of the remaining clusters to ensure they are starting from the same base point.

There are two ways to remove an cluster from an XDCR relationship: you can use voltadmin drop on a running cluster to remove it from the XDCR network, or you can use voltadmin dr reset from the remaining clusters to remove a cluster that is no longer available. But you should not use voltadmin dr reset to remove a cluster that is still running and connected to the network. Resetting a running cluster will break DR for that cluster, but will result in errors on the remaining clusters and leave their DR queues for the reset cluster in an ambiguous state. Ultimately, this can result in the removed cluster not being able to rejoin the XDCR network at a later time.

TTL, or time to live, is a feature that automatically deletes old records based on a timestamp or integer column. For replicated tables, the process of checking whether records need to be deleted is performed as a write transaction — even if no rows are deleted. As a consequence, any replicated DR table with TTL defined will generate frequent DR log entries, whether there are any changes or not, significantly increasing DR traffic.

Because of the possible performance impact this behavior can have on the database, use of TTL with replicated tables and DR is not recommended at this time.

A bug in the Apache Kafka client can result in file descriptors being allocated but not released if the producer.type attribute is set to "sync" (which is the default). The consequence is that the system eventually runs out of file descriptors and the VoltDB server process will crash.

Until this bug is fixed, use of synchronous Kafka export is not recommended. The workaround is to set the Kafka producer.type attribute to "async" using the VoltDB export properties.

If, while Kafka import is enabled, the Kafka broker that VoltDB is connected to stops (for example, if the server crashes or is taken down for maintenance), some messages may be lost between Kafka and VoltDB. To ensure no data is lost, we recommend you disable VoltDB import before taking down the associated Kafka broker. You can then re-enable import after the Kafka broker comes back online.

There is an issue with the Kafka importer where, if multiple nodes in the cluster fail and restart, the importer can lose track of some of the data that was being processed when the nodes failed. Normally, these pending imports are replayed properly on restart. But if multiple nodes fail, it is possible for some in-flight imports to get lost. This issue will be addressed in an upcoming release.

When entering a multi-line statement at the sqlcmd prompt, if a line ends in a comment (indicated by two hyphens) and the comment contains an unmatched single quote character, the following lines of input are not interpreted correctly. Specifically, the comment is incorrectly interpreted as continuing until the next single quote character or a closing semi-colon is read. This is most likely to happen when reading in a schema file containing comments. This issue is specific to the sqlcmd utility.

A fix for this condition is planned for an upcoming point release

VoltDB currently intercepts assertions as part of its handling of stored procedures. Attempts to use assertions in stored procedures for debugging or to find programmatic errors will not work as expected.

The UPPER() and LOWER() functions return a string converted to all uppercase or all lowercase letters, respectively. However, for the initial release, these functions only operate on characters in the ASCII character set. Other case-sensitive UTF-8 characters in the string are returned unchanged. Support for all case-sensitive UTF-8 characters will be included in a future release.

There is a problem with how the math library used to build the C++ client library handles large decimal values on 32-bit operating systems. As a result, the C++ library cannot serialize and pass Decimal datatypes reliably on these systems.

Note that the C++ client interface can send and receive Decimal values properly on 64-bit platforms.

Enabling SNMP can take up to 2 minutes to complete. This delay does not always occur and can vary in length. If SNMP is enabled when the database server starts, the delay occurs after the server logs the message "Initializing SNMP" and before it attempts to connect to the cluster. If you enable SNMP while the database is running, the delay can occur when you issue the voltadmin update command or modify the setting in the VoltDB Management Center Admin tab. This issue results from a Java constraint related to secure random numbers used by the SNMP library.

The command line utilities, such as sqlcmd, voltadmin, and the data loaders, have an --ssl flag to specify the truststore for user-created certificates. However, if you use commercial certificates, there is no truststore. In that case, you need to specify an empty string to the --ssl command qualifier to access the database. For example:

$ sqlcmd --ssl=""

When TLS/SSL is enabled, the command line utility voltadmin assumes you want to verify the authenticity of the database server. If you are using user-created certificates, you must provide the associated truststore on the command line using the --ssl flag. However, if you trust the server and do not need to verify the certificate, you can use the syntax --ssl=nocheck to bypass the verification. For example:

$ voltadmin --ssl=nocheck

This is particularly important if you exec into the shell of a Kubernetes pod running Volt with TLS/SSL enabled, since the Volt Docker image includes a slimmed-down set of command line tools not designed for accessing databases outside of the pod.

Shutting down a VoltDB cluster by specifying a replica count of zero should shut down the cluster and remove the pods on which it ran. However, on very rare occasions Kubernetes does not delete the pods. As a result, the cluster cannot be restarted. This is an issue with Kubernetes. The workaround is to manually delete the pods before restarting the cluster.

The property cluster.clusterSpec.additionalVolumes lets you specify additional resources to include in the server classpath. However, if you specify an invalid or misconfigured volume, Helm will not be able to start the cluster and the process will stall.

The Helm --set-file argument lets you set the value of a property as the contents of a file. However, if the contents of the file are binary, they can become corrupted if you try to resize the cluster with the helm upgrade command, using the --reuse-values argument. For example, this can happen if you use --set-file to assign a JAR file of stored procedure classes to the cluster.config.classes property.

This is a known issue for Kubernetes and Helm. The workaround is either to explicitly include the --set-file argument again on the helm upgrade command. Or you can include the content through a different mechanism. For example, you can include class files by mounting them on a separate volume that you then include with the cluster.clusterSpec.additionalVolumes property.

Due to functionality that was removed from the latest release of Python, the Volt command line utilities voltdb and voltadmin do not work properly under Python 3.12. Please use an earlier version of Python until this issue is fixed in an upcoming Volt Active Data release.

VoltDB works in IPv4, IPv6, and mixed network environments. Although the examples in the documentation use IPv4 addresses, you can use IPv6 when configuring your database, making connections through applications, or using the VoltDB command line utilities, such as voltdb and voltadmin. When specifying IPv6 addresses on the command line or in the configuration file, be sure to enclose the address in square brackets. If you are specifying both an IPv6 address and port number, put the colon and port number after the square brackets. For example:

voltadmin status --host=[2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334]:21211

There have been reports that VoltDB does not operate correctly when the networking environment is configured to use jumbo frames. The symptoms are that TCP packets with MTU>9000 are dropped. However, this is not a Volt-specific issue. When configuring the network to use jumbo frames, it is crucial to thoroughly test the network to guarantee that TCP packets are not fragmented or have their segments reordered during reassembly. If not, there is a danger of lost packets in the network layer, unrelated to the specific application involved.

Volt Active Data V12.3 introduces a new feature, dynamic schema change for XDCR clusters. To use this feature, clusters must be configured to enable the feature and must be using the latest DR protocol. However, existing clusters that upgrade from earlier versions will not automatically use the new protocol. Instead, you must explicitly upgrade the DR protocol using the voltadmin dr protocol --update command.

First, to use dynamic schema change you must enable the feature in the configuration file. This must be done when you initialize the cluster which, for existing XDCR clusters, is easiest to when performing the version upgrade. To upgrade XDCR clusters, you must drop the cluster from the XDCR environment, upgrade the software, then reinitialize and restart the cluster. While reinitializing the cluster, add the <schemachange enabled="true"/> element to the configuration file. For example:

<deployment>
  <dr id="1" role="xcdr">
    <schemachange enabled="true"/>
    <connection source="paris.mycompany.com,rome.mycompany.com"/>
  </dr>
</deployment>

Similarly, for Kubernetes, the YAML would be:

cluster:
  config:
    deployment:
      dr:
        id: 1
        role: xdcr
        schemachange:
          enabled: true
        connection:
            source: paris.mycompany.com,rome.mycompany.com

Once all of the clusters are upgraded to the appropriate software version, you can upgrade the DR protocol. When used by itself, the voltadmin dr protocol command displays information about what versions of the DR protocol the XDCR clusters support and which version they are using. When the XDCR relationship starts, the clusters use the highest supported protocol. However, when an existing XDCR group is upgraded, they do not automatically upgrade the originally agreed-upon protocol. In this case, you must go to each cluster and issue the voltadmin dr protocol --update command to use the highest protocol that all the clusters can support. Once you issue the voltadmin dr protocol --update command on all of the clusters, you are then ready to perform dynamic schema changes on your XDCR environment.

Any time the database schema or stored procedures are changed, the data table showing stored procedure statistics at the bottom of the Monitor section of the VoltDB Management Center get reset. As soon as new invocations of the stored procedures occur, the statistics table will show new values based on performance after the schema update. Until invocations occur, the procedure table is blank.

Prior to VoltDB V12.0, encryption for the httpd port which VMC uses was automatically enabled on Kubernetes when you enabled TLS/SSL for the server using the cluster.config.deployment.ssl.enabled property. You could then selectively enable SSL for other ports using the .dr, .internal, and .external subproperties of cluster.config.deployment.ssl.

Starting with V12.0, VMC on Kubernetes is run as a separate service by default and you can enable or disable TLS/SSL encryption for VMC independently using the vmc.service.ssl... properties. However, if you choose not to run VMC as a separate service, by setting the vmc.enabled property to "false", VMC encryption is managed the same way as in earlier releases using the cluster.config.deployment.ssl... properties as described above.

The ASSUMEUNIQUE attribute is designed for identifying columns in partitioned tables where the column values are known to be unique but the table is not partitioned on that column, so VoltDB cannot verify complete uniqueness across the database. Using interactive DDL, you can create a table with a column marked as ASSUMEUNIQUE, but if you try to partition the table on the ASSUMEUNIQUE column, you receive an error. The solution is to drop and add the column using the UNIQUE attribute instead of ASSUMEUNIQUE.

You cannot add or remove a column constraint such as UNIQUE or ASSUMEUNIQUE using the ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN statement. Instead to add or remove such constraints, you must first drop then add the modified column. For example:

ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN empID;
ALTER TABLE employee ADD COLUMN empID INTEGER UNIQUE;

For partitioned tables, the value of the column used to partition the table determines what partition the row belongs to. If you use UPDATE to change this value and the new value belongs in a different partition, the UPDATE request will fail and the stored procedure will be rolled back.

Updating the partition column value may or may not cause the record to be repartitioned (depending on the old and new values). However, since you cannot determine if the update will succeed or fail, you should not use UPDATE to change the value of partitioning columns.

The workaround, if you must change the value of the partitioning column, is to use both a DELETE and an INSERT statement to explicitly remove and then re-insert the desired rows.

Starting with VoltDB 6.0, ambiguous column references are no longer allowed. For example, if both the Customer and Placedorder tables have a column named Address, the reference to Address in the following SELECT statement is ambiguous:

SELECT OrderNumber, Address FROM Customer, Placedorder
   . . .

Previously, VoltDB would select the column from the leftmost table (Customer, in this case). Ambiguous column references are no longer allowed and you must use table prefixes to disambiguate identical column names. For example, specifying the column in the preceding statement as Customer.Address.

A corollary to this change is that a column declared in a USING clause can now be referenced using a prefix. For example, the following statement uses the prefix Customer.Address to disambiguate the column selection from a possibly similarly named column belonging to the Supplier table:

SELECT OrderNumber, Vendor, Customer.Address
   FROM Customer, Placedorder Using (Address), Supplier
    . . .

VoltDB opens a file descriptor for every client connection to the database. In normal operation, this use of file descriptors is transparent to the user. However, if there are an inordinate number of concurrent client connections, or clients open and close many connections in rapid succession, it is possible for VoltDB to exceed the process limit on file descriptors. When this happens, new connections may be rejected or other disk-based activities (such as snapshotting) may be disrupted.

In environments where there are likely to be an extremely large number of connections, you should consider increasing the operating system's per-process limit on file descriptors.

There are two ways to access additional resources in a VoltDB database. You can place the resources in the /lib folder where VoltDB is installed on each server in the cluster or you can include the resource in a subfolder of a JAR file you add using the sqlcmd LOAD CLASSES directive. Adding resources via the /lib directory is useful for stable resources (such as third-party software libraries) that do not require updating. Including resources (such as XML files) in the JAR file is useful for resources that may need to be updated, as a single transaction, while the database is running.

LOAD CLASSES is used primarily to load classes associated with stored procedures and user-defined functions. However, it will also load any additional resource files included in subfolders of the JAR file. You can remove classes that are no longer needed using the REMOVE CLASSES directive. However, there is no explicit command for removing other resources.

Consequently, if you rename resources or move them to a different location and reload the JAR file, the database will end up having multiple copies. Over time, this could result in more and more unnecessary memory being used by the database. To remove obsolete resources, you must first reinitialize the database root directory, start a fresh database, reload the schema (including the new JAR files with only the needed resources) and then restore the data from a snapshot.

If a server has multiple network interfaces (and therefore multiple IP addresses) VoltDB will, by default, open ports on all available interfaces. You can limit the ports to an single interface in two ways:

Also, when using an IP address to reference a server with multiple interfaces in command line utilities (such as voltadmin stop node), use the @SystemInformation system procedure to determine which IP address VoltDB has selected to identify the server. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong IP address, the command might fail.

On startup, VoltDB extracts certain native libraries into the /tmp directory before loading them. This works in all standard operating environments. However, in custom installations where the /tmp storage is mounted with the "noexec" option, VoltDB cannot extract the libraries and, in the past, refused to start.

For those cases where the /tmp directory is assigned on storage mounted with the ‘noexec’ option, you can assign an alternative storage for VoltDB to use for extracting and executing temporary files. This is now done automatically on Kubernetes and does not require any user intervention.

On non-Kubernetes environments, you can identify an alternative location by assigning it to volt.tmpdir, org.xerial.snappy.tmpdir, and jna.tmpdir in the VOLTDB_OPTS environment variable before starting the server process. The specified location must exist, must be an absolute path, and cannot be on storage mounted with the "noexec" option. For example, the following command assigns an alternate temporary directory called /volttemp:

export VOLTDB_OPTS="-Dvolt.tmpdir=/volttemp \
                    -Dorg.xerial.snappy.tempdir=/volttemp \
                    -Djna.tmpdir=/volttemp"

When using an alternate temporary directory, files can accumulate over time since the directory is not automatically purged on startup. So you should make sure you periodically delete old files from the directory.

Volt Active Data processes and stores text data as UTF-8 encoded strings. When using the Volt Java API, the Java String datatype always stores text in Unicode. So there is no conversion necessary when passing string data to Volt stored procedures. If the application must handle data in alternate character encodings you can use existing Java functionality to convert the data to Unicode on input. For example, using the second argument to specify the character encoding when instantiating a buffered reader:

BufferedReader myfile = Files.newBufferedReader(filename,charset);

On the other hand, when users enter data interactively using an alternate character encoding, Volt automates the conversion of the character set of the current session to UTF-8 on input and output. In other words, if the user's session is localized to use a specific character set, when entering data at the sqlcmd prompt (for example, when executing an INSERT statement) the data is automatically converted to UTF-8 before processing. Similarly, on output (such as displaying the results of a SELECT statement) the UTF-8 data is converted to the user's localized character set.

When processing text files, such as CSV files or sqlcmd scripts, the command line utilities provide a --charset qualifier that lets you specify the character set of the input file. The --charset qualifier affects the FILE directive and --file and --output qualifiers for sqlcmd as well as the input files for the csvloader. Note that the user's localized session character set does not affect file input. If the --charset qualifier is not used the data is assumed to be UTF-8 by default.

Finally, which character sets are supported depends on which Java virtual machine (JVM) release you are using on your servers (for export) or client machines (for sqlcmd and csvloader). For established character sets, such as Shift_JIS or ISO-8859-1, all supported JVM releases provide support. For newer character sets, you may need a more recent release of the JVM. For example, the recent Simplified Chinese character set GB18030-2022 requires a JVM released in 2023 or later. For OpenJDK this includes the following releases:

When running a client application linked against the VoltDB Java API and using the Java 11 runtime, the application may issue warnings about an " illegal reflective access operation." The message does not impact the actual operation of the client or the database itself. You can suppress this warning using the --add-opens qualifier on the java command. For example:

$ java --add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED  \
       --add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED \ 
       --add-opens=java.base/java.net=ALL-UNNAMED   \
       --add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED   \
       myclientapp

In the security context section of the Helm chart for VoltDB, the user account UID is set to 1001. This value is required. Do not change or override any of the following properties when configuring your database:

For production, VoltDB requires that Transparent Huge Pages (THP) are disabled because they interfere with memory-intensive applications. However, THP may be enabled on OpenShift containers and the containers themselves not have permission to disable them. To overcome this situation, you must run the Helm chart for disabling THP from a privileged container:

$ helm -n kube-system install thp voltdb/transparent-hugepages \
       --set thp.securityContext.privileged=true

See the Volt Kubernetes Compatibility Chart for information on which versions of the Volt Operator and Helm charts support which version of VoltDB. See the VoltDB Operator Release Notes for additional information about individual releases of the VoltDB Operator.